Month: November 2022

Concept:

Honestly, we had some trouble brainstorming for this assignment at first. We weren’t sure what instrument to create or mimic and how. However, after watching a video about the theremin we decided to make an instrument that would react to the distance between our hands and some sensor. We also wanted to recreate the drone of old midi modulating synths.

For that, we needed to use an ultrasonic distance finder and the  HC-SR04 sensor in our kit was perfect for that. Also, we wanted to be able to control the itch of the sound being produced so we used a potentiometer for that. We decided to use a speaker available at the IM lab, a switch, and an enclosure to build the whole project.

Brainstorming:

While looking for inspiration and knowledge necessary for implementing our idea we came across the following youtube video that outlined how to make a simple ‘instrument’ using an ultrasonic distance sensor:

Musical Instrument Using Arduino + Ultrasonic Distance Sensor

This video allowed us to build a device that could convert distance measurements into different musical notes.

After this, we used some other sources to understand better the use of ultrasonic distance sensors and also how to integrate switches and potentiometers into the circuit:

Arduino Potentiometer – Complete Tutorial

Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 with Arduino Tutorial

Process & Code

For the code, it was a bit difficult to figure out how to use the ultrasonic range finder at first. We had to figure out how to convert time to distance since the sensor needs to listen for a pulse from an object to return and the returning pulse is proportional to the distance of the object from the sensor. Luckily, we found exactly what we were looking for in a tutorial on the internet. However, it was calibrated for a few meters instead of a few inches. We needed something that was more sensitive and produced a different set of frequencies. We decided that we would do that by reducing the maximum distance to a few inches and increasing the sensitivity. We also tweaked the code to put the speaker in a continuous loop instead of just beeps to give us a more synth-esque sound.

The sensor itself was difficult to calibrate but after referring to the aforementioned sources we were able to discover some useful functions like the delayMicroseconds() and microsecondstoInches()

// The ping is triggered by a HIGH pulse of 2 or more microseconds.
// Give a short LOW pulse beforehand to ensure a clean HIGH pulse:
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);// attach pin 3 to Trig
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(5);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);

cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);

For the potentiometer, we added the following code to make it emit certain frequencies of sound depending on the position of the knob:

int potVal= analogRead(potentiometerPin);
int speakerVal = potVal * 5  ;
Serial.println((String)potVal + " -> " + (String) speakerVal);
tone(speakerPin, speakerVal );

Below is our initial setup:

after hooking it up to the speaker this is what it sounded like:

However, we were still missing a key feature of the assignment which was a button to control the sound output. For that, we used the following simple line of code to detect whether the signal output from the switch was HIGH or not:

buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
  if (buttonState == HIGH)

If this statement was held true, it would continue the loop that would initialize the ultrasonic distance sensor and then output a sound signal depending on the position of the hands.

To connect the wires to the button and the ultrasonic distance sensor we had to solder the wires to ensure a strong and secure connection:

The Full Code

The circuit diagram of the final circuit:

high res image

Final project:

The look of the final project assembled:

Reflection and Difficulties:

This project was a lot of fun for both of us. We both learned some important information about using distance sensors and the inbuilt functionality of Arduino IDE that helps make a lot of information processing very easy as a programmer. We also had to solder which was a new experience and allowed us to gain important hands-on knowledge in building practical circuits. Some of the difficulties we faced included code optimization and building usable circuits.

We also learned the importance of top-down development in building circuits; we used a multitude of resources and examples and our own creativity to create circuits with a lot of unnecessary parts. After tinkering and experimenting we were able to streamline not only our circuit to be as simple as functionally possible while losing no part of the usability.

With complex circuits, we discovered that cable management was very important and some of our components were regularly shorting. to reduce this effect we used tape and insulators but it was still far from perfect. Additionally, we could have used heat-shrinking insulating wraps to create better insulation.

Also, we had trouble using the buttons available in the kit because they were pushing buttons and not permanent switches. The fix was super easy thankfully and only required replacement parts that we found in the lab. The button initially would turn the whole board off but that was only because we hooked up the wires the wrong way.

Concept

In this assignment I worked with Mohamed to design a musical instrument using the arduino and breadboard. We used two main devices which are the piezo speaker and the servo motor. We decided to play the song “We will we will rock you” on the piezo buzzer, and then provide sound effects after that using the servo motor, by rotating it clockwise and counter-clockwise. The code to do this is shown below. Here is a schematic for our implementation.

#include "pitches.h"
#include <Servo.h>
// notes in the melody:
int melody[] = {
  NOTE_C4, NOTE_A3, NOTE_C4, NOTE_A3, 0, NOTE_G3, NOTE_G3,NOTE_G3
};
// note durations: 4 = quarter note, 8 = eighth note, etc.:
int noteDurations[] = {
  2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4,4
};
Servo myservo; 
int pos = 0; 
void setup() {
  // iterate over the notes of the melody:
  
}
void loop() {
  bool switchState=digitalRead(A3);
  if(switchState){
  for (int thisNote = 0; thisNote < 8; thisNote++) {
    int noteDuration = 1000 / noteDurations[thisNote];
    tone(8, melody[thisNote], noteDuration);
    myservo.attach(9);
    int pauseBetweenNotes = noteDuration * 1.30;
    delay(pauseBetweenNotes);
    // stop the tone playing:
    noTone(8);
  }
    myservo.write(180);              // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'
    delay(1000*1.3);                       // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
    myservo.write(0);              // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'
    delay(1000*1.3);                       // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
}
}

As seen in the above code, we tried to make the sound effects that come from the servo motor sound better, by making the delay time between the rotations equal to the pause time between the notes. To control the musical instrument, we used a digital input which is a switch that should be pressed each time to play the sounds again

We really liked how the output looked like, but we believe that we can improve on it by making the servo motor be controlling an object like a drum stick when it is rotating to make it sound as a better musical instrument. Here is a video that shows our implementation.

Christmas is in the Air

Concept: 

Christmas is growing closer by the day, and where’s the festive mood without some carols? In this project, we are using switches, a piezo buzzer, and a potentiometer that has the five notes needed to play Jingle Bells. Switches 1 through 5 represent nodes C5, D5, E5, F5, and G5 in order. The LED on pin 13 lights up when you switch between nodes. The potentiometer lets you control the tempo. If you are not familiar with the notes, you follow the order below to play the song.

%%%%%%%%%%%

3,3,3

3,3,3

3,5,1,2

3

4,4,4,4,

4,3,3,3,3

3,2,2,3

2,5

%%%%%%%%%%%

The Switches:

In the beginning, we thought about using distance measurement sensors. We would then map different nodes of the song to the numbers we read from the sensor in a way that the tempo would increase and decrease as you get closer or farther from the sensor. But we wanted defined and distinct sounds and a more exact mapping so we decided to go with a digital I/O instead. We were also aiming to use the potentiometer to control volume initially but the buzzer was acting strange with the signal change in the potentiometer. Later we figured it was better and more practical to control the tempo via a potentiometer (the default tempo is 8).

The five nodes in the program C5, D5, E5, F5, and G5 are defined in “pitches.h”. The song sheet is converted to code taken and provided by Project Hub and there is also a tutorial on how to do it yourself by Nathan Seidle on Github.

// %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
void loop() {

  int knob = analogRead(A2);
  Serial.println(knob);

  tempo = map(knob, 0, 1024, 60, 255)/15;

  switchOne = digitalRead(2);
  switchTwo = digitalRead(3);
  switchThree = digitalRead(4);
  switchFour = digitalRead(5);
  switchFive= digitalRead(6);
  
  if (switchOne == HIGH) {
    sing(1);
  } else if (switchTwo == HIGH) {
    sing(2);
  } else if (switchThree == HIGH) {
    sing(3);
  } else if (switchFour == HIGH) {
    sing(4);
  } else if (switchFive == HIGH) {
    sing(5);
  }
}
// %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Full code on p5.js can be found here.

The Potentiometer:

After realizing that using the potentiometer for volume control would be difficult to do with our buzzer, we decided to use it as a means to control the tempo settings (the length of each note) of our instrument. This part of the code is used to achieve this:

void loop() {
//Potentiometer Value is Assigned to knob
  int knob = analogRead(A2);
//Tempo is Remapped and Divided
  tempo = map(knob, 0, 1024, 60, 255)/15;
. . .
//Tempo is Used to Determine Note Duration
  int noteDuration = 1000 / tempo;
  tone(melodyPin, c5, noteDuration);
}

With each loop, the value of the potentiometer is read and updated to the integer knob, which is subsequently remapped and divided; this value is then called to calculate noteDuration, which is used as a parameter that determines the length of the note played though tone(). According to this code, turning the potentiometer clockwise increases the length of a single note, while turning it counterclockwise achieves the opposite. With the potentiometer set up, our project can emit tones of differing pitches and lengths, allowing us to play neat little songs like Jingle Bells!

Demo:

Reflection:

It was an enjoyable and rewarding experience to brainstorm and collaborate on this project as a group! It definitely helped to have each other to consult (and commiserate with) when we were stuck at certain points. If we were to have more time, we would have liked to decorate our instrument with LEDs that correspond to the notes being played; regardless, we’re very proud with what we were able to achieve with this project. With each project, our familiarity with Arduino grows—and in this case, so did our teamwork. Coupled with a nice carol, this project really harnesses the Christmas spirit!

Concept

Honestly, we had some trouble brainstorming for this assignment at first. We weren’t sure what instrument to create or mimic and how. However, after watching a video about the theremin we decided to make an instrument that would react to the distance between our hands and some sensor. We also wanted to recreate the drone of old midi modulating synths.

For that, we needed to use an ultrasonic distance finder and the HC-SR04 sensor in our kit was perfect for that. Also, we wanted to be able to control the itch of the sound being produced so we used a potentiometer for that. We decided to use a speaker available at the IM lab, a switch, and an enclosure to build the whole project.

Brainstorming:

While looking for inspiration and knowledge necessary for implementing our idea we came across the following youtube video that outlined how to make a simple ‘instrument’ using an ultrasonic distance sensor:

Musical Instrument Using Arduino + Ultrasonic Distance Sensor

This video allowed us to build a device that could convert distance measurements into different musical notes.

After this, we used some other sources to understand better the use of ultrasonic distance sensors and also how to integrate switches and potentiometers into the circuit:

Arduino Potentiometer – Complete Tutorial

Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 with Arduino Tutorial

Process & Code

For the code, it was a bit difficult to figure out how to use the ultrasonic range finder at first. We had to figure out how to convert time to distance since the sensor needs to listen for a pulse from an object to return and the returning pulse is proportional to the distance of the object from the sensor. Luckily, we found exactly what we were looking for in a tutorial on the internet. However, it was calibrated for a few meters instead of a few inches. We needed something that was more sensitive and produced a different set of frequencies. We decided that we would do that by reducing the maximum distance to a few inches and increasing the sensitivity. We also tweaked the code to put the speaker in a continuous loop instead of just beeps to give us a more synth-esque sound.

The sensor itself was difficult to calibrate but after referring to the aforementioned sources we were able to discover some useful functions like the delayMicroseconds() and microsecondstoInches()

// The ping is triggered by a HIGH pulse of 2 or more microseconds.
// Give a short LOW pulse beforehand to ensure a clean HIGH pulse:
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);// attach pin 3 to Trig
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(5);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);

cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);

For the potentiometer, we added the following code to make it emit certain frequencies of sound depending on the position of the knob:

int potVal= analogRead(potentiometerPin);
int speakerVal = potVal * 5 ;
Serial.println((String)potVal + " -> " + (String) speakerVal);
tone(speakerPin, speakerVal );

Below is our initial setup:

after hooking it up to the speaker this is what it sounded like:

However, we were still missing a key feature of the assignment which was a button to control the sound output. For that, we used the following simple line of code to detect whether the signal output from the switch was HIGH or not:

buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
  if (buttonState == HIGH)

If this statement was held true, it would continue the loop that would initialize the ultrasonic distance sensor and then output a sound signal depending on the position of the hands.

To connect the wires to the button and the ultrasonic distance sensor we had to solder the wires to ensure a strong and secure connection:

The circuit diagram of the final circuit:

Final project:

The look of the final project assembled:

Reflection and Difficulties:

This project was a lot of fun for both of us. We both learned some important information about using distance sensors and the inbuilt functionality of Arduino IDE that helps make a lot of information processing very easy as a programmer. We also had to solder which was a new experience and allowed us to gain important hands-on knowledge in building practical circuits. Some of the difficulties we faced included code optimization and building usable circuits.

We also learned the importance of top-down development in building circuits; we used a multitude of resources and examples and our own creativity to create circuits with a lot of unnecessary parts. After tinkering and experimenting we were able to streamline not only our circuit to be as simple as functionally possible while losing no part of the usability.

With complex circuits, we discovered that cable management was very important and some of our components were regularly shorting. to reduce this effect we used tape and insulators but it was still far from perfect. Additionally, we could have used heat-shrinking insulating wraps to create better insulation.

Also, we had trouble using the buttons available in the kit because they were pushing buttons and not permanent switches. The fix was super easy thankfully and only required replacement parts that we found in the lab.

Our idea for the musical instrument was to use sounds that the servo motor created rather than incorporating the piezo buzzer. So, we decided to try and recreate a gumball machine and the sound it makes when the gumballs fall out of the machine.

The Physical Design Process

We built the structure using a box, water bottle and cardboard. We then prepared the servo motors and prepared a cardboard piece to act as a ball stopper to control the amount of balls that fall through the hole.

We attached the servo motor and started testing out the servo motor with balls made from different materials to see what sound they made. We also decided to create two ramps for the balls to slide on to make more sound. As for the materials, we used pipe-cleaners, paper, and marbles. We found that the marbles made the best sound and rolled nicely down the ramp. The paper balls made a decent sound, whereas the pipe-cleaners were almost silent when they fell.

Here is the final version of the physical components:

And here is the schematic of our circuit:

Some things that didn’t work out as expected…

Our initial plan was to have the balls fall down one by one, but that didn’t work as expected. The balls either fell together when the ball stopper opened, or they would get stuck even when the stopper opened. When they do fall down, most of the time they wouldn’t roll down the ramps as intended. Usually, the balls would fall to the side, fall straight down, or when it does fall on the slide it wouldn’t roll all the way down and it would get stuck on the ramp. In this case, the marbles worked best since they were smooth spheres, but the marbles also had the problem with falling to the side. Additionally, at first we wanted the stopper to open and close continuously after one button press, but currently it just does the cycle once and you have to keep pressing the button for the continuous opening and closing.

The Coding Process

For implementing the sensors, we decided to use a push button and potentiometer. We used the button to control the servo motor, which either blocks or unblocks the hole where the balls fall out of. When it is open the balls fall out, and when it is closed the balls are stopped. To do this we used 2 if statements that checked if the button is clicked once, in which case the lever is opened, and if the button is clicked again then the lever is closed again.

 if(clicks%2 == 0)
 {
   pos = 0;
 }
 else{   
   if (pos <= 70)
   {
     pos += servoSpeed;
   }
}
 
myServo.write(pos);
delay(100);  

Another variation of code was to have one press do both the opening and closing of the ball stopper. This was the code we used:

if (buttonState == 1){
   for (pos = 0; pos <= 160; pos += servoSpeed) {
      myServo.write(pos);             
      delay(15);                       
   }
   for (pos = 70; pos >= 0; pos -= servoSpeed) {
      myServo.write(pos);              
      delay(100);               
   }
  } else if (buttonState == 0) {
    myServo.write(70);
    delay(15);
  }

This is the link to the full code

We experimented with the delay, and the number for the position of the servo motor. If we made the delay longer, the servo motor would take longer to reach the position. Moreover, since the potentiometer controls the speed of the servo motor, when the potentiometer is at the maximum number, the servo motor moves faster, but since the delay is longer it doesn’t seem as fast. When the delays were all set to 15 and the potentiometer was at the maximum, the servo motor didn’t sweep the full amount (i.e. it didn’t complete the number of degrees in the for loop). While this was experimental, we ended up liking the sound it created and the movements of it.

Finally, here are a few different videos of our music machine!

This one is the first code, where one press opens and the other press closes it:

This one all the delay amounts are the same. We didn’t experiment with the potentiometer for this version, but the sound was nice:

This one has one long delay:

And this final one we tested with just marbles and shortened the long delay, which was in the previous video:

Christmas is in the Air

Concept: 

Christmas is growing closer by the day, and where’s the festive mood without some carols? In this project, we are using switches, a piezo buzzer, and a potentiometer that has the five notes needed to play Jingle Bells. Switches 1 through 5 represent nodes C5, D5, E5, F5, and G5 in order. The LED on pin 13 lights up when you switch between nodes. The potentiometer lets you control the tempo. If you are not familiar with the notes, you follow the order below to play the song.

%%%%%%%%%%%

3,3,3

3,3,3

3,5,1,2

3

4,4,4,4,

4,3,3,3,3

3,2,2,3

2,5

%%%%%%%%%%%

The Switches:

In the beginning, we thought about using distance measurement sensors. We would then map different nodes of the song to the numbers we read from the sensor in a way that the tempo would increase and decrease as you get closer or farther from the sensor. But we wanted defined and distinct sounds and a more exact mapping so we decided to go with a digital I/O instead. We were also aiming to use the potentiometer to control volume initially but the buzzer was acting strange with the signal change in the potentiometer. Later we figured it was better and more practical to control the tempo via a potentiometer (the default tempo is 8).

The five nodes in the program C5, D5, E5, F5, and G5 are defined in “pitches.h”. The song sheet is converted to code tokens and provided by Project Hub and there is also a tutorial on how to do it yourself by Nathan Seidle on Github.

// %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
void loop() {

  int knob = analogRead(A2);
  Serial.println(knob);

  tempo = map(knob, 0, 1024, 60, 255)/15;

  switchOne = digitalRead(2);
  switchTwo = digitalRead(3);
  switchThree = digitalRead(4);
  switchFour = digitalRead(5);
  switchFive= digitalRead(6);
  
  if (switchOne == HIGH) {
    sing(1);
  } else if (switchTwo == HIGH) {
    sing(2);
  } else if (switchThree == HIGH) {
    sing(3);
  } else if (switchFour == HIGH) {
    sing(4);
  } else if (switchFive == HIGH) {
    sing(5);
  }
}
// %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Full code on p5.js can be found here.

The Potentiometer:

After realizing that using the potentiometer for volume control would be difficult to do with our buzzer, we decided to use it as a means to control the tempo settings (the length of each note) of our instrument. This part of the code is used to achieve this:

void loop() {
//Potentiometer Value is Assigned to knob
  int knob = analogRead(A2);
//Tempo is Remapped and Divided
  tempo = map(knob, 0, 1024, 60, 255)/15;
. . .
//Tempo is Used to Determine Note Duration
  int noteDuration = 1000 / tempo;
  tone(melodyPin, c5, noteDuration);
}

With each loop, the value of the potentiometer is read and updated to the integer knob, which is subsequently remapped and divided; this value is then called to calculate noteDuration, which is used as a parameter that determines the length of the note played though tone(). According to this code, turning the potentiometer clockwise increases the length of a single note, while turning it counterclockwise achieves the opposite. With the potentiometer set up, our project can emit tones of differing pitches and lengths, allowing us to play neat little songs like Jingle Bells!

Demo:

Reflection:

It was an enjoyable and rewarding experience to brainstorm and collaborate on this project as a group! It definitely helped to have each other to consult (and commiserate with) when we were stuck at certain points. If we were to have more time, we would have liked to decorate our instrument with LEDs that correspond to the notes being played; regardless, we’re very proud with what we were able to achieve with this project. With each project, our familiarity with Arduino grows—and in this case, so did our teamwork. Coupled with a nice carol, this project really harnesses the Christmas spirit!

concept:

This week required us to utilize the tools offered in the Arduino kit to construct a build that would serve as an instrument! This was extremely fun to work with, especially given the musical background I used to be fond of years ago. The idea revolved around building a piano instrument that would appeal to all different age groups! Going back to this felt nostalgic.

process:

The initial plan was to construct a keyboard that would serve as a piano for the user while trying my best to stay away from a cliche approach. As a result, I shifted my focus to an analog perspective and discovered the ultrasonic shock sensor. This was convenient for the approach I was going through as it utilized music and human interaction simultaneously. After researching and finalizing the code, adding an artistic element was essential not only to make it appealing to adults but also children. I sketched, colored, and cut a layout that beautifully complements the program.

sketch:

future improvements:

Adding LEDs would be beneficial to the young target audience in mind as it would serve as an indicator for them, thus making the functionality easier.